Research Focus
My work integrates ecological engineering, systems ecology, and innovation to develop practical solutions for the built and managed environment. A central theme is ecological intelligence: using ecological principles, environmental accounting, and emerging AI tools to improve environmental understanding, design, and decision-making. Current work includes nature-based technologies for cities and transit, living and vegetated systems that improve thermal and water performance, emergy and ecological accounting of environmental alternatives, and the use of generative AI to support ecological analysis, education, and design. Ongoing applied interests include equitable urban green infrastructure, ecological technology entrepreneurship, and sustainable infrastructure concepts such as greener data centers and smart public amenities.
Areas of Expertise: Ecological Engineering; Ecological Intelligence; Systems Ecology; Generative AI for Environmental Problem Solving; Environmental Entrepreneurship; Green Infrastructure and Living Architecture; Emergy Analysis and Environmental Accounting; Nature-based Solutions; Sustainable Urban Design; Ecological Technology Innovation
David R. Tilley is an ecological engineer and systems-oriented environmental scholar whose work connects ecological design, environmental accounting, innovation, and emerging forms of artificial intelligence. His research and teaching focus on how ecological intelligence can help society better understand, design, and manage human-dominated environments. Building on long-standing work in ecological engineering, green infrastructure, living architecture, and emergy-based systems analysis, he now explores how generative AI and related digital tools can expand environmental problem solving, education, and nature-based design. This direction is reflected in his recent publication on the use of multimodal generative AI in ecological engineering, in his course ENST 283 AI for Environmental Good, and in applied sustainability collaborations related to greener data-center futures.
Tilley, D. 2025. Using the Multimodal Features of Generative AI to Advance Ecological Engineering. Journal of Ecological Engineering Design, 3(https://doi.org/10.70793/jeed.17). https://journals.uvm.edu/jeed/article/id/17/https://doi.org/10.70793/jeed.17
Explores how generative AI (ChatGPT-4) can advance ecological engineering through multimodal capabilities such as image analysis, spatial reasoning, coding, and teaching support. Demonstrations include plant disease detection, forest image analysis, and student assessment. The paper highlights CustomGPTs and AI agents as tools for modeling, design, monitoring, and public engagement.
Thompson, R., S. Tjaden, D. Tilley, 2022. Stormwater retention of an in-series system composed of a green roof, constructed wetland and bioretention cell for a single-family home. ASCE Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 8(1): 04021023
Tilley D.R., 2021. The World Needs Massive Ubiquitous Environmental Innovation and Entrepreneurship to Remedy Its Predicament. Environ Sci Ecol: Curr Res 2: 1042
Schumann, L.M., D.R. Tilley, 2022. Experimental evidence for delayed stormwater runoff from building roofs covered with suspended vine canopies. Journal of Living Architecture 9(1): 1-19 doi.org/10.46534/jliv.2022.09.01.001
Mo, Y., M. Kearney, J. C. Alexis Riter, F. Zhao, D. Tilley, 2018. Assessing biomass of diverse coastal marsh ecosystems with combined ground, airborne, and spaceborne remote sensing data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Yi, H., R. Srinivasan, W.W. Braham, D.R. Tilley, 2017. An ecological understanding of net-zero energy building: Evaluation of sustainability based on emergy theory. J. Cleaner Production 143: 654-671 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.059
Yi, H., W.W. Braham, D.R. Tilley, R. Srinivasan, 2017. Measuring ecological characteristics of environmental building performance: Suggestion of an information-network model and indices to quantify complexity, power, and sustainability of energetic organization. Ecological Indicators 83: 201-217 doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.07.056
Yi, H., W.W. Braham, D.R. Tilley, R. Srinivasan, 2017. A metabolic network approach to building performance: Information building modeling and simulation of biological indicators. J. Cleaner Production 165: 1133-1162 doi.10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.082
Campbell, E.T., D.R. Tilley, 2016. Relationships between renewable emergy storage or flow and biodiversity: A modeling investigation. Ecological Modelling 340: 134-148 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.08.004
Brown, M.T., D.E. Campbell, D.R. Tilley, 2015. Emergy synthesis 8: Emergy and environmental accounting: Theories, applications, and methodologies. Ecological Modelling 315: 1-3 doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.08.018
Matt, S., D.R. Tilley, P. Shrewsbury, 2015. Arthropod habitat of green facades in the humid, temperate climate of eastern North America. Journal of Living Architecture 2(3): 1-41 greeninfrastructurefoundation.org/jliv
Williamson, T.R., Tilley, D.R., E.T. Campbell, 2015. Emergy Analysis to Evaluate the Sustainability of Two Oyster Aquaculture Systems in the Chesapeake Bay. Ecological Engineering http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.052
Winfrey, B.K., D.R. Tilley, 2015. An emergy-based treatment sustainability index for evaluating waste treatment systems. J. Cleaner Production doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.074
Williamson, T.R., Tilley, D.R., Y. Tao, 2015. Valve activity in cultured oysters exposed to sudden increases in salinity. J Aquacul Research 1(3): 012
Izursa, J.L., D.R. Tilley, 2015. Dynamic Eco-industrial Model of Forest Rich Developing Nations: Application to the Bolivian Forestry Sector and National Economy. J. Environmental Accounting and Management 3(1): 1-26
Tilley, D.R., 2015. Transformity dynamics related to maximum power for improved emergy yield estimations. Ecological Modelling 315: 96-107 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.10.035
Winfrey, B.K., R.W. Nairn, D.R. Tilley, W.H.J. Strosnider, 2014. Emergy and carbon footprint analysis of the construction of passive and active treatment systems for net alkaline mine drainage. Mine Water and Environment Nov. 1, DOI:10.1007/s10230-014-0304-6
Campbell, E.T., D.R. Tilley, 2014. The eco-price: how environmental emergy equates to currency. Ecosystem Services Available on-line 1.7.2014 dx.doi.org.proxyum.researchport.umd.edu/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.12.002
Campbell, E.T., D.R. Tilley, 2014. Valuing ecosystem services from Maryland forests using environmental accounting. Ecosystem Services Available on-line Dec. 4, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.10.003
Hudson, A.R., D.R. Tilley, 2014. Assessment of uncertainty in emergy evaluations using Monte Carlo simulations. Ecological Modelling 271(10): 52-61 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.05.018
Izursa, J.L., D.R. Tilley, P.C. Kangas, 2014. Sustainability of certified tropical forestry using emergy analysis. J. Environmental Accounting and Management 2(1): 73-89 DOI:10.5890/JEAM.2014.03.006
Li, L., Lu, H., Tilley, D.R., G. Qiu, 2014. Effect of time scale on accounting for renewable emergy in ecosystems located in humid and arid climates. Ecological Modelling 287: 1-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.05.001
Moss, A., S. Lansing, D.R. Tilley, K.H. Klavon, 2014. Assessing the sustainability of small-scale anaerobic digestion systems with the introduction of the emergy efficiency index (EEI) and adjusted yield ratio (AYR). Ecological Engineering 64: 391–407 dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.12.008
Tilley, D.R., 2014. Exploration of Odum’s Dynamic Emergy Accounting for Suggested Refinements. Ecological Modelling 279: 36-44 DOI:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.01.031
Tilley, D.R., S. Matt, J. Price, L. Schumann, P. Kangas, 2014. Vegetation characteristics of green facades, green cloaks and naturally colonized walls of wooden barns located in the Mid-Atlantic Region of North America. Journal of Living Architecture 1(3): 1-34 livingarchitecturemonitor.com/fullarchive
Li, L., D.R. Tilley, Lu, H., Ren, H., Qiu, G. 2013. Comparison of energy systems minimodel to a process-based eco-physiological model for simulating forest growth. Ecological Modelling 263: 32-41 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.04.019
Li, L., Lu, H., Tilley, D.R., Ren, H., Shen, W., 2013. The maximum empower principle: an invisible hand controlling the self-organizing development of forest ecosystems in south China. Ecological Indicators 29: 278-292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.12.033
Tilley, D.R. 2011. Dynamic accounting of emergy cycling. Ecological Modelling 222(20-22): 3724-3742 doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.09.007
Vassallo, P., C. Paoli, D.R. Tilley, M. Fabiano, 2009. Energy and resource basis of an Italian coastal resort region integrated using emergy synthesis. J. Environmental Management 91(1): 277-289 doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.017
Felix, E., D.R. Tilley 2009. Integrated energy, environmental and financial analysis of ethanol production from cellulosic switchgrass. Energy 34(4): 410-436 doi:10.1016/j.energy.2008.10.013
Felix, E., D.R. Tilley, G.K. Felton, E. Flamino, 2008. Biomass production of hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) grown on municipal biosolids. Ecological Engineering (33)1: 8-14
Tilley, D.R., M. Ahmed, J. Son, H. Badrinarayanan, 2007. Hyperspectral reflectance response of freshwater macrophytes to salinity in a brackish treatment marsh. Journal of Environmental Quality 36(3): 773-779
Tilley, D.R., V. Comar, 2006. Emergy-based simulation to assess Brazil’s long-term carrying capacity: electricity and population. Population and Environment 27: 307-326
Tilley, D.R. 2006. National metabolism and communications technology development in the United States: 1790 to 2000. Environment and History 12(2): 165-190
Tilley, D.R., M.T. Brown, 2006. Dynamic emergy accounting for assessing the environmental benefits of a subtropical wetland stormwater management system. Ecological Modelling 192: 327-361
Tilley, D.R., J. Mentzer, 2006. Soil uptake of carbon monoxide emitted in the exhaust of a gasoline powered engine. J. Air & Waste Management Association 56: 115-120
Tilley, D.R., 2004. Howard T. Odum’s contribution to the laws of energy. Ecological Modelling 178(1-2): 121-125
Tilley, D.R., M. Ahmed, J. Son, H. Badrinarayanan, 2003. Hyperspectral reflectance of emergent macrophytes as an indicator of water column ammonia in an oligohaline, subtropical marsh. Ecological Engineering 21(2-3): 153-163.
Tilley, D.R., W.T. Swank, 2003. EMERGY-based environmental systems assessment of a multi-purpose temperate mixed-forest watershed of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Journal of Environmental Management 69(3): 213-227
Tilley, D.R., 2003. Industrial ecology and ecological engineering: opportunities for symbiosis. J. Industrial Ecology 7(2): 13-32
Brown MT, McMahan EA, Mitsch WJ, Diamond C, Winasrky I, Chandler R, Carstenn S, McLachlan-Karr J, Nixon S, Tilley DR, (and 63 others), 2003. Prof. Howard T. Odum 1924-2002. Energy 28(4): 293-301
Tilley, D.R., H. Badrinarayanan, R. Rosati and J. Son, 2002. Constructed wetlands as recirculation filters in large-scale shrimp aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering 26(2): 81-109.
Tilley, D.R., M.T. Brown, 1998. Wetland networks for stormwater management in subtropical urban watersheds. Ecological Engineering 10(2):131-158.
Braham, W.W., M. Hou, S. Prabhakaran, D. Tilley, 2023. Embodied carbon in biogenic and earth materials: Accounting for the work of the biogeosphere in construction materials, in Rahman Azari (ed.), The Routledge Handbook on Embodied Carbon in the Built Environment (Routledge). eISBN: 9781003277927
Winfrey, B.K., D.R. Tilley, 2013. Comparison of principles for allocating emergy to recycled materials in natural and managed ecosystems. In: Emergy Synthesis 7: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, D.S. Kang, E. Ortega, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati (eds.). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL.
Campbell, E.T., D.R. Tilley, 2013. Valuing Ecosystem Services from Maryland Forests. In: Emergy Synthesis 7: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, D.S. Kang, E. Ortega, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati (eds.). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL.
Tilley, D.R., 2012. Green wall research. In: The Rise of Living Architecture. Green Roofs for Healthy Cities, Toronto. p. 70
Tilley, D.R., 2011. Mathematical Revisions to Odum’s Dynamic Emergy Accounting. In: Emergy Synthesis 6: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, S.L. Huang, E. Ortega, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati (eds.). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL. pp. 583-598 (ISBN: 978-0-9707325-5-2)
Campbell, E.T., D.R. Tilley, 2011. Emergy Synthesis for Valuing the Hydrologically Driven Ecosystem Services of Forest Lands. In: Emergy Synthesis 6: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, S.L. Huang, E. Ortega, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati (eds.). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL. pp. 105-110 (ISBN: 978-0-9707325-5-2)
Price, J., D.R. Tilley, 2011. Emergy evaluation of a green facade. In: Emergy Synthesis 6: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, S.L. Huang, E. Ortega, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati (eds.). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL. pp. 213-222 (ISBN: 978-0-9707325-5-2)
Winfrey, B.K., D.R. Tilley 2011. A New Index for Comparing Wastewater Treatment Scenarios. In: Emergy Synthesis 6: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, S.L. Huang, E. Ortega, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati (eds.). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL. pp. 223-238 (ISBN: 978-0-9707325-5-2)
Tilley, D.R., E. Felix, 2009. Perpetuation of partial transformities through sequential analyses for refined emergy accounting and index development. In: Emergy Synthesis 5: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, V. Comar, S.L. Huang, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati, eds). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL. pp. 569-580
Schramski, J.R., D.R. Tilley, T.L. Carter, N. Rustagi, 2009. Comparative Emergy Synthesis for Green Engineering. In: Emergy Synthesis 5: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, V. Comar, S.L. Huang, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati, eds). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL. pp. 207-222
Rustagi, N., D.R. Tilley, J.R. Schramski, 2009. Total energy requirements of a living extensive green roof. In: Emergy Synthesis 5: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, V. Comar, S.L. Huang, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati, eds). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL. pp. 223-234
Schumann, L.S., D.R. Tilley, 2009. Emergy Evaluation of a Green Cloak: A Lightweight Alternative to Conventional Green Roofs. In: Emergy Synthesis 5: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, V. Comar, S.L. Huang, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati, eds). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL. pp. 235-244
Martin, J.F., D.R. Tilley, 2007. Accounting for environmental sustainability with emergy analysis. In: Encyclopedia of Soil Science (Lal, R. ed.). Taylor & Francis, New York Available at: http://www.informaworld.com/10.1081/E-ESS-120041214
Tilley, D.R., J.F. Martin, 2006. Environmental accounting of agricultural sustainability using emergy analysis. In: Systems Analysis and Modeling in Food and Agriculture, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) (K.C. Ting, D.H. Fleisher, L.F. Rodriguez, eds.) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK. (http://www.eolss.net)
Comar, V., D.R. Tilley, E. Felix, M.V. Turdera, M. C. Neto, 2005. Comparative emergy evaluation of Castorbean (Ricinus communis L.) production systems in Brazil and the U.S. In: Advances in Energy Studies: Energy-ecology issues in Latin America. (E. Ortega and S. Ulgiati, eds.). UNICAMP, Grafica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil.
Tilley, D.R. 2005. Historical solar emergy use in the United States and its relation to technological development. In: Emergy Synthesis 3: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, V. Comar, S.L. Huang, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati, eds). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL.
Ganeshan, P. and D.R. Tilley, 2005. Emergy evaluation of air biofilters for carbon monoxide removal. In: Emergy Synthesis 3: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, V. Comar, S.L. Huang, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati, eds). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL.
Izursa, J.L. and D.R. Tilley, 2005. Emergy analysis of Bolivia’s natural gas. In: Emergy Synthesis 3: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, D. Campbell, V. Comar, S.L. Huang, T. Rydberg, D.R. Tilley, S. Ulgiati, eds). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL.
Tilley, D.R. 2003. Spectral transformities for solar radiation reaching the Earth. In: Emergy Synthesis 2: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, H.T. Odum, D.R. Tilley and S. Ulgiati, eds). Center for Environmental Policy, Gainesville, FL.
Tilley, D.R. and M.T. Brown, 2000. The hierarchical pattern of energy flow in ecological-economic systems representing three geographic scales. In: Emergy Synthesis: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. (M.T. Brown, S. Brandt-Williams, D.R. Tilley and S. Ulgiati, eds). Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Martin, J.F. and D.R. Tilley, 2000. Simulating with STELLA©. In: Modeling for All Scales: An Introduction to Systems Simulation, H.T. Odum and E.C. Odum. Academic Press, San Diego.
Brown, M.T., S. Brandt-Williams, D.R. Tilley and S. Ulgiati, 2000. Emergy synthesis: An introduction. In: Emergy Synthesis: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. Brown, M.T., S. Brandt-Williams, D.R. Tilley and S. Ulgiati, (eds.). Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Co-created and co-hosted the podcast Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology with Dr. Mark Brown (University of Florida). The series features interviews with Odum’s former students and colleagues to preserve his intellectual legacy and discuss the evolution and future of systems ecology. Episodes are shared via YouTube.
Tilley, D. (2025, June). Dr. Mark T. Brown, systems ecologist, emeritus professor University of Florida. Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-7qgGxqcLU
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, November). Dr. Robert Knight, is an environmental scientist/systems ecologist and environmental entrepreneur. His research and practice focused on wetland engineering and science.. Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HhyTZqJ4Uk
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, November). Dr. Shuli Huang, retired professor of Urban Ecology and Emergy Science, University of Taipei. Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C34qZ7H9DYs
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, June). Dr. Dan Campbell: Coastal ecologist and emergy scientist retired from Office of Research Development at US EPA (Episode #8). Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOiSt5Ddea8
Tilley, D. (2024, June). Dr. Kathy Ewel is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida's School of Forest Resources and Conservation (Episode #7). Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvMg5r1Y9G8
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, April). Dr. James Zucchetto: Systems ecologist & Energy engineer from the National Academies of Science (Episode #9). Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDZg_-mn9F0
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, March). Dr. William J. Mitsch: Pioneering wetland ecologist and ecological engineer from the Ohio State University (Episode #10). Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahG9X_7zTz4
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, March). Dr. Suzanne Bayley, Famed wetland ecologist from the University of Alberta (episode #6). Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJmhU65IYh8
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, March). Dr. Ariel Lugo: Famed forest hydroecologist, Director of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Puerto Rico (Episode #5). Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3oshBegmgs&t=3s
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, February). Dr. Walter Boynton, Famed estuarine ecologist and ecosystem modeler from the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (Episode #4). Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwHtbRZdlRQ
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, February). Dr. John Day: Famed watershed ecologist and ecological engineer from Louisiana State University (Episode #3). Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNxPe7AHu04&t=6s
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, February). Dr. Charlie Hall Famed systems ecologist and energy analysts from the State University of New York: Environmental Science and Forestry (Episode #2). Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64CRPbf024&t=12s
Tilley, D., Brown, M. (2024, January). Dr. Pat Kangas: Long-time systems ecologist, ecological engineering pioneer and Odum historian (Episode #1). Legacy of Howard T. Odum and Systems Ecology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ih56ZtGE-e4